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At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

A) True
B) False

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What is used to explain the effect of a stress that has been applied to a system at equilibrium?

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Le Châteli...

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The solubility product constant, Ksp, at 25°C for AgI(s) in water has the value 8.3 × 10-17. Calculate ΔG at 25°C for the process AgI(s) The solubility product constant, K<sub>sp</sub>, at 25°C for AgI(s)  in water has the value 8.3 × 10<sup>-17</sup>. Calculate ΔG at 25°C for the process AgI(s)    Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)  + I<sup>-</sup>(aq)  where [Ag<sup>+</sup>] = 9.1 × 10<sup>-9 </sup><sup>M</sup> and [I<sup>-</sup>] = 9.1 × 10<sup>-9 </sup><sup>M</sup>. (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)  A)  +4.4 kJ/mol B)  +91.7 kJ/mol C)  0.0 kJ/mol D)  -91.7 kJ/mol E)  -4.4 kJ/mol Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) where [Ag+] = 9.1 × 10-9 M and [I-] = 9.1 × 10-9 M. (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)


A) +4.4 kJ/mol
B) +91.7 kJ/mol
C) 0.0 kJ/mol
D) -91.7 kJ/mol
E) -4.4 kJ/mol

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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At 850°C, the equilibrium constant, KP, for the reaction C(s) + CO2(g) At 850°C, the equilibrium constant, K<sub>P</sub>, for the reaction C(s)  + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2CO(g)  has a value of 10.7. If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm, what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide at equilibrium? A)  0.362 atm B)  0.489 atm C)  0.667 atm D)  0.915 atm E)  0.921 atm 2CO(g) has a value of 10.7. If the total pressure in the system at equilibrium is 1.000 atm, what is the partial pressure of carbon monoxide at equilibrium?


A) 0.362 atm
B) 0.489 atm
C) 0.667 atm
D) 0.915 atm
E) 0.921 atm

F) C) and D)
G) C) and E)

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What is defined as a fraction with equilibrium product concentrations in the numerator and equilibrium reactant concentrations in the denominator and each concentration raised to a power equal to the corresponding stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation?


A) Reversibility expression
B) Reaction expression
C) Equilibrium expression
D) Product quotient
E) Mass action

F) A) and E)
G) None of the above

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The reaction system POBr3(g) The reaction system POBr<sub>3</sub>(g)    POBr(g)  + Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial pressure of bromine is reduced by 75% as equilibrium is established? A)  POBr will be consumed as equilibrium is established. B)  The partial pressure of POBr will decrease while the partial pressure of Br<sub>2</sub> increases as equilibrium is established. C)  POBr<sub>3</sub> will be consumed as equilibrium is established. D)  The volume will have to decrease before equilibrium can be reestablished. E)  Bromine will be generated as equilibrium is established. POBr(g) + Br2(g) is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial pressure of bromine is reduced by 75% as equilibrium is established?


A) POBr will be consumed as equilibrium is established.
B) The partial pressure of POBr will decrease while the partial pressure of Br2 increases as equilibrium is established.
C) POBr3 will be consumed as equilibrium is established.
D) The volume will have to decrease before equilibrium can be reestablished.
E) Bromine will be generated as equilibrium is established.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Suppose 50.0 g of N2O4 is introduced into an evacuated 2.00-L vessel and allowed to come to equilibrium with its decomposition product, N2O4(g) Suppose 50.0 g of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is introduced into an evacuated 2.00-L vessel and allowed to come to equilibrium with its decomposition product, N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)    2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) . For this reaction K<sub>c</sub> = 0.133. Once the system has reached equilibrium, 5.00 g of NO<sub>2</sub> is injected into the vessel, and the system is allowed to equilibrate once again. What is the mass of NO<sub>2</sub> in the final equilibrium mixture? A)  7.8 g B)  12.4 g C)  14.7 g D)  19.7 g E)  15.5 g 2NO2(g) . For this reaction Kc = 0.133. Once the system has reached equilibrium, 5.00 g of NO2 is injected into the vessel, and the system is allowed to equilibrate once again. What is the mass of NO2 in the final equilibrium mixture?


A) 7.8 g
B) 12.4 g
C) 14.7 g
D) 19.7 g
E) 15.5 g

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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A sample of solid naphthalene is introduced into an evacuated flask. Using the data below, what is the equilibrium vapor pressure of naphthalene (C10H8) in the flask at 35°C? A sample of solid naphthalene is introduced into an evacuated flask. Using the data below, what is the equilibrium vapor pressure of naphthalene (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)  in the flask at 35°C?   A)  890. mmHg B)  0.22 mmHg C)  696 mmHg D)  0.086 mmHg E)  833 mmHg


A) 890. mmHg
B) 0.22 mmHg
C) 696 mmHg
D) 0.086 mmHg
E) 833 mmHg

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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For the endothermic reaction A2(g) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) , a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub>(g)  may look as follows. (Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms, and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    What is the equilibrium constant K<sub>P</sub> for this reaction at 298 K? (R = 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol)  A)  1.3 ×10<sup>2</sup> B)  65 C)  0.22 D)  16 E)  5.33 2A(g) , a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g) and A2(g) may look as follows. (Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms, and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.) For the endothermic reaction A<sub>2</sub>(g)    2A(g) , a snapshot of an equilibrium mixture of A(g)  and A<sub>2</sub>(g)  may look as follows. (Each circle represents 1.0 mol of A atoms, and the volume of the box is 1.0 L.)    What is the equilibrium constant K<sub>P</sub> for this reaction at 298 K? (R = 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol)  A)  1.3 ×10<sup>2</sup> B)  65 C)  0.22 D)  16 E)  5.33 What is the equilibrium constant KP for this reaction at 298 K? (R = 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol)


A) 1.3 ×102
B) 65
C) 0.22
D) 16
E) 5.33

F) A) and E)
G) B) and E)

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At 340. K, KP = 69 for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) At 340. K, K<sub>P</sub> = 69 for the reaction H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + I<sub>2</sub>(g)    2HI(g) . Suppose 50.0 g of HI is injected into an evacuated 5.00-L rigid cylinder at 340. K. What is the total pressure inside the cylinder when the system comes to equilibrium? A)  2.60 atm B)  1.76 atm C)  0.424 atm D)  2.18 atm E)  0.171 atm 2HI(g) . Suppose 50.0 g of HI is injected into an evacuated 5.00-L rigid cylinder at 340. K. What is the total pressure inside the cylinder when the system comes to equilibrium?


A) 2.60 atm
B) 1.76 atm
C) 0.424 atm
D) 2.18 atm
E) 0.171 atm

F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

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The equilibrium constant for the reaction AgBr(s) The equilibrium constant for the reaction AgBr(s)    Ag<sup>+</sup>(aq)  + Br<sup>- </sup>(aq)  is the solubility product constant, K<sub>sp</sub> = 7.7 × 10<sup>-13</sup> at 25°C. Calculate ΔG for the reaction when [Ag<sup>+</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>-2 </sup><sup>M</sup> and [Br<sup>-</sup>] = 1.0 × 10<sup>-3 </sup><sup>M</sup>. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous at these concentrations? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)  A)  ΔG = 69.1 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous B)  ΔG = -69.1 kJ/mol, spontaneous C)  ΔG = 97.5 kJ/mol, spontaneous D)  ΔG = 40.6 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous E)  ΔG = -97.5 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous Ag+(aq) + Br- (aq) is the solubility product constant, Ksp = 7.7 × 10-13 at 25°C. Calculate ΔG for the reaction when [Ag+] = 1.0 × 10-2 M and [Br-] = 1.0 × 10-3 M. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous at these concentrations? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)


A) ΔG = 69.1 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
B) ΔG = -69.1 kJ/mol, spontaneous
C) ΔG = 97.5 kJ/mol, spontaneous
D) ΔG = 40.6 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
E) ΔG = -97.5 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous

F) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

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Hydrogen sulfide can be formed in the following reaction: H2(g) + Hydrogen sulfide can be formed in the following reaction: H<sub>2</sub>(g)  +   S<sub>2</sub>(g)    H<sub>2</sub>S(g) ; ΔH°<sub>rxn</sub> = -92 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant,K<sub>P</sub>,is 106 at 1023 K. Estimate the value of K<sub>P</sub> at 1218 K. (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)  A)  5.05 B)  18.8 C)  34.7 D)  88.9 E)  598 S2(g) Hydrogen sulfide can be formed in the following reaction: H<sub>2</sub>(g)  +   S<sub>2</sub>(g)    H<sub>2</sub>S(g) ; ΔH°<sub>rxn</sub> = -92 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant,K<sub>P</sub>,is 106 at 1023 K. Estimate the value of K<sub>P</sub> at 1218 K. (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)  A)  5.05 B)  18.8 C)  34.7 D)  88.9 E)  598 H2S(g) ; ΔH°rxn = -92 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant,KP,is 106 at 1023 K. Estimate the value of KP at 1218 K. (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)


A) 5.05
B) 18.8
C) 34.7
D) 88.9
E) 598

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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Which of the following is the expression that relates Kc to KP?


A) Kc = KPR/T
B) KP = Kc(RT) Δn
C) KP = Kc/(RT) Δn
D) KcKP = RT/V
E) KP = KcP/RT

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Based on the following data, what is Ksp at 298 K of barium carbonate, BaCO3? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol) Based on the following data, what is K<sub>sp</sub> at 298 K of barium carbonate, BaCO<sub>3</sub>? (R = 8.314 J/K • mol)    A)  5.86 B)  6.30 × 10<sup>8</sup> C)  1.59 × 10<sup>-9</sup> D)  5.47 × 10<sup>-21</sup> E)  2.18 × 10<sup>-27</sup>


A) 5.86
B) 6.30 × 108
C) 1.59 × 10-9
D) 5.47 × 10-21
E) 2.18 × 10-27

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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At 25°C, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction 2A(g) At 25°C, the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, for the reaction 2A(g)    B(g)  + C(g)  is 0.0350. A mixture of 8.00 moles of B and 12.00 moles of C in a 20.0-L container is allowed to come to equilibrium. What is the equilibrium concentration of A? A)  0.339 M B)  0.378 M C)  0.400 M D)  0.677 M E)  0.755 M B(g) + C(g) is 0.0350. A mixture of 8.00 moles of B and 12.00 moles of C in a 20.0-L container is allowed to come to equilibrium. What is the equilibrium concentration of A?


A) 0.339 M
B) 0.378 M
C) 0.400 M
D) 0.677 M
E) 0.755 M

F) A) and C)
G) A) and E)

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At 450°C, tert-butyl alcohol decomposes into water and isobutene. (CH3) 3COH(g) At 450°C, tert-butyl alcohol decomposes into water and isobutene. (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>3</sub>COH(g)    (CH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>2</sub>(g)  + H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What will happen if the volume of the container is reduced by 50% at constant temperature? A)  The forward reaction will proceed in order to reestablish equilibrium. B)  The reverse reaction will proceed in order to reestablish equilibrium. C)  No change occurs. D)  The equilibrium constant will increase. E)  The equilibrium constant will decrease. (CH3) 2CCH2(g) + H2O(g) A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What will happen if the volume of the container is reduced by 50% at constant temperature?


A) The forward reaction will proceed in order to reestablish equilibrium.
B) The reverse reaction will proceed in order to reestablish equilibrium.
C) No change occurs.
D) The equilibrium constant will increase.
E) The equilibrium constant will decrease.

F) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

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The reaction system POBr3(g) The reaction system POBr<sub>3</sub>(g)    POBr(g)  + Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if POBr is added to the container? A)  POBr will be consumed in order to establish a new equilibrium. B)  The partial pressures of POBr<sub>3</sub> and POBr will remain steady while the partial pressure of bromine increases. C)  The partial pressure of bromine will increase while the partial pressure of POBr decreases. D)  The partial pressure of bromine remains steady while the partial pressures of POBr<sub>3</sub> and POBr increase. E)  The forward reaction will proceed to establish equilibrium. POBr(g) + Br2(g) is at equilibrium. Which of the following statements describes the behavior of the system if POBr is added to the container?


A) POBr will be consumed in order to establish a new equilibrium.
B) The partial pressures of POBr3 and POBr will remain steady while the partial pressure of bromine increases.
C) The partial pressure of bromine will increase while the partial pressure of POBr decreases.
D) The partial pressure of bromine remains steady while the partial pressures of POBr3 and POBr increase.
E) The forward reaction will proceed to establish equilibrium.

F) A) and E)
G) B) and E)

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Carbon tetrachloride reacts at high temperatures with oxygen to produce two toxic gases, phosgene and chlorine. CCl4(g) + ½O2(g) Carbon tetrachloride reacts at high temperatures with oxygen to produce two toxic gases, phosgene and chlorine. CCl<sub>4</sub>(g)  + ½O<sub>2</sub>(g)    COCl<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) , K<sub>c</sub> = 4.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> at 1000 K What is K<sub>c</sub> for the following reaction? 2CCl<sub>4</sub>(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)    2COCl<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 2Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  6.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> B)  4.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> C)  8.8 × 10<sup>9</sup> D)  1.9 × 10<sup>19</sup> E)  2.3 × 10<sup>-10</sup> COCl2(g) + Cl2(g) , Kc = 4.4 × 109 at 1000 K What is Kc for the following reaction? 2CCl4(g) + O2(g) Carbon tetrachloride reacts at high temperatures with oxygen to produce two toxic gases, phosgene and chlorine. CCl<sub>4</sub>(g)  + ½O<sub>2</sub>(g)    COCl<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) , K<sub>c</sub> = 4.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> at 1000 K What is K<sub>c</sub> for the following reaction? 2CCl<sub>4</sub>(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)    2COCl<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 2Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  6.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> B)  4.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> C)  8.8 × 10<sup>9</sup> D)  1.9 × 10<sup>19</sup> E)  2.3 × 10<sup>-10</sup> 2COCl2(g) + 2Cl2(g)


A) 6.6 × 104
B) 4.4 × 109
C) 8.8 × 109
D) 1.9 × 1019
E) 2.3 × 10-10

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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At elevated temperatures, hydrogen iodide may decompose to form hydrogen gas and iodine gas, as follows. 2HI(g) At elevated temperatures, hydrogen iodide may decompose to form hydrogen gas and iodine gas, as follows. 2HI(g)    H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + I<sub>2</sub>(g)  In a particular experiment, the concentrations at equilibrium were measured to be [HI] = 0.85 mol/L, [I<sub>2</sub>] = 0.60 mol/L, and [H<sub>2</sub>] = 0.27 mol/L. What is K<sub>c</sub> for the above reaction? A)  5.3 B)  0.22 C)  4.5 D)  0.19 E)  1.6 × 10<sup>2</sup> H2(g) + I2(g) In a particular experiment, the concentrations at equilibrium were measured to be [HI] = 0.85 mol/L, [I2] = 0.60 mol/L, and [H2] = 0.27 mol/L. What is Kc for the above reaction?


A) 5.3
B) 0.22
C) 4.5
D) 0.19
E) 1.6 × 102

F) All of the above
G) A) and E)

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When the reaction 2H2S(g) When the reaction 2H<sub>2</sub>S(g)    2H<sub>2</sub>(g)  + S<sub>2</sub>(g)  is carried out at 1065°C, K<sub>P</sub> = 0.012. Starting with pure H<sub>2</sub>S at 1065°C, what must the initial pressure of H<sub>2</sub>S be if the equilibrated mixture at this temperature is to contain 0.250 atm of H<sub>2</sub>(g) ? A)  1.06 atm B)  1.86 atm C)  0.94 atm D)  0.90 atm E)  1.52 atm 2H2(g) + S2(g) is carried out at 1065°C, KP = 0.012. Starting with pure H2S at 1065°C, what must the initial pressure of H2S be if the equilibrated mixture at this temperature is to contain 0.250 atm of H2(g) ?


A) 1.06 atm
B) 1.86 atm
C) 0.94 atm
D) 0.90 atm
E) 1.52 atm

F) All of the above
G) A) and B)

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