A) allopatric speciation
B) punctuated evolution
C) adaptive radiation
D) both allopatric speciation and adaptive radiation
E) gradualistic evolution The observations that the fossils are found on most continents and that they have changed over long periods of time suggest the gradualistic model of evolution. The spread of the fossils over multiple continents also suggests that speciation occurred in the Permian period, when the continents were joined together, and that a slow, gradual evolution occurred while the continents separated, throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The observation that many intermediate forms are found suggests that all of the fossils belong to the same species because significant amounts of interbreeding between populations probably occurred.
G) C) and D)
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A) the three-domain system is superior to the five-kingdom system of classification.
B) molecular data are more accurate in implying evolutionary relationships than homology.
C) the fewer assumptions that are made, the more probable the conclusion.
D) smaller clades are more accurate than larger clades.
E) shared derived traits shared by fewer organisms are more correct than those shared by more organisms. The principle of parsimony only implies that a conclusion is more likely correct when fewer assumptions are made. Larger, more complex clades may be constructed when fewer assumptions are made, and by the principle of parsimony, these clades are more likely to be correct than those constructed using more assumptions.
G) B) and C)
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B) False
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A) analogy.
B) homology.
C) taxonomy.
D) phylogeny.
E) cladistics. Similarity due to convergent evolution is called analogy. Analogous structures have the same function in different organisms and groups of organisms, and they often arise as a result of adaptation to the same type of environment.
G) B) and E)
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A) membrane-bound nucleus
B) ribosomes
C) cell wall
D) chloroplast
E) mitochondria Eukaryotic organisms are classified as such due to the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus. Most of the other features listed here can be found in members of domain Bacteria and domain Archaea as well as domain Eukarya. However, mitochondria and chloroplasts are not traits shared by the prokaryotic domains.
G) A) and D)
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A) molecular evidence and anatomical homologies.
B) molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records.
C) molecular evidence, anatomical analogies, and fossil records.
D) molecular evidence and fossil records.
E) molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. Anatomical analogies are not useful in determining evolutionary relationships because they are the result of convergent evolution. In convergent evolution, distantly related organisms may develop similar adaptations to the same environment, but this does not imply an evolutionary relationship between the two organisms.
G) B) and C)
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A) The two species occupy different habitats.
B) The two species are active during different parts of the day.
C) The two species mate during different times of the year.
D) The two species have incompatible genitalia.
E) The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile. The instance where the two species are capable of mating but produce sterile offspring is an example of a postzygotic isolating mechanism because the event that prevents the two species from interbreeding occurs when the offspring are unable to reproduce.
G) A) and B)
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A) two populations of salamanders that live on isolated islands and eventually become separate species, unable to interbreed
B) different breeds of dogs that live in different areas of the world but are able to produce fertile offspring
C) a horse and a donkey that may interbreed to produce a mule that is sterile and unable to reproduce
D) two related plant species living in the same area that hybridize, then undergo chromosome doubling, which results in the creation of a third species of plant that is unable to reproduce with either of the two original species
E) three species that evolve from a common ancestral species due to reproductive isolation and adaptation to different habitats Sympatric speciation refers to populations that develop into two or more new species without prior geographic isolation. Hybridization followed by polyploidy in plants is an excellent example of this type of speciation mechanism.
G) None of the above
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A) eukaryotes are more similar to the prokaryotes now classified in domain Bacteria than to those now classified in domain Archaea.
B) animals and plants are less similar to each other than to the prokaryotes now classified in domain Archaea.
C) prokaryotes are classified into two domains, with the organisms in domain Archaea more similar to eukaryotes than to the prokaryotes in domain Bacteria.
D) cladistics alone are used to formulate the new phylogenetic tree of life.
E) by the principle of parsimony, it requires fewer assumptions to divide the prokaryotes into two domains than it does to put them in a single domain. Analysis of rRNA genes indicate that some prokaryotes, now classified as the domain Archaea, are more similar to eukaryotes than to the other prokaryotes that are now classified in the domain Bacteria.
G) A) and D)
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B) False
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A) W, Y, and Z
B) W, X, Y, and Z
C) V, W, X, and Y
D) X, Y, and Z
E) U, V, W, and Z A shared derived trait can be found in all organisms descending from a common ancestor that are found on the same branch of the clade.
G) B) and D)
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A) the common ancestor for Y and Z
B) the common ancestor for U
C) the ancestor for Z
D) the common ancestor for X and Y
E) the common ancestor for X, Y, and Z Descendents of a common ancestor are shown on branches of the cladogram originating from the common ancestor.
G) A) and D)
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A) hybrid sterility.
B) zygote mortality.
C) prezygotic isolation.
D) temporal isolation.
E) allopatric speciation. In this case, mating occurs but fails after the zygote dies due to the inability to complete mitosis. Thus, this is an example of zygote mortality.
G) B) and C)
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B) False
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A) postzygotic reproductive isolation - geographic isolation - natural selection
B) geographic isolation - prezygotic reproductive isolation - genetic drift
C) geographic isolation - natural selection - prezygotic reproductive isolation
D) natural selection - postzygotic reproductive isolation - geographic isolation
E) natural selection - prezygotic reproductive isolation - postzygotic reproductive isolation In allopatric speciation, two populations of the same species are separated geographically, preventing them from interbreeding with each other. Over time, the species gradually change, and prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms develop, preventing the two populations from reproducing if the populations ever come into contact again.
G) C) and D)
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A) mechanical isolation
B) habitat isolation
C) temporal isolation
D) hybrid sterility
E) gamete isolation This is an example of gamete isolation because the gametes from the two species are unable to fuse.
G) D) and E)
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A) are shared only by common ancestors.
B) are shared by all organisms on the cladogram.
C) are found within members of the outgroup.
D) are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup.
E) are homologies found between the ingroup and the outgroup. Shared derived traits are homologies that are shared only by certain species within the ingroup. They are found only within members of the ingroup that share a common lineage. Species that arose earlier may not possess the shared derived trait but are nonetheless part of the same clade. Shared derived traits are used to determine which members of the clade belong on the same branch of the cladogram.
G) A) and E)
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A) have identical functions.
B) have fully divergent functions.
C) are also called analogous structures.
D) are shared by organisms of the same genus.
E) are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. Homologous structures are those that are shared by organisms found in the same line of descent. Over the course of speciation, the structures may or may not have attained different functions, but they still have evolved from the same original structure.
G) A) and E)
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A) dramatic environmental change
B) shifting wind patterns
C) shifting ocean currents
D) a decrease in the amount of shallow marine habitat
E) a large meteor impact We know that 250 million years ago, at the time of the Permian mass extinction, all of Earth's continents came together to form one supercontinent called Pangaea Fig. 16.14a) . The result was dramatic environmental change through the shifting of wind patterns and ocean currents and, most importantly, a decline in the amount of available shallow marine habitat. It was at the end of the Mesozoic era that a meteor crashed into Earth. This type of event has been proposed as a primary cause of the Cretaceous extinction.
G) A) and C)
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B) False
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